![]() Visualization of annotation recording using a digital indoor model (e.g., point clouds, 3D models, 2D floorplans) allows stakeholders to see exactly how, e.g., furniture items or machinery have been moved from one location in a building to another. We also describe key requirements for system components, and discuss the feasibility of their implementation within a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA). We present and provide an overview of high-level concept and architecture for such a system, along with related key technologies and approaches based on previously published case studies. We present an approach of an ontology-driven analytics concept and system design, which supports smart representation, exploration, and processing of indoor point clouds. An ontology-driven analytics approach can be used to solve this problem by creating and maintaining a Knowledge Base, and utilizing an ontology for automatically suggesting optimal selection of processing and analytics techniques for point clouds. Currently, this means that applicable processing techniques, semantics and visual analytics methods need to be selected, generated or implemented by human domain experts, which is an error-prone, subjective and non-interoperable process. (O&M) procedures within the scope of the post-construction life cycle stages of typicalĪutomated processing, semantic-enrichment and visual analytics methods for point clouds are often use-case specific for a given domain (e.g, for Facility Management (FM) applications). This has great potential to benefit decision making related to Operation and Maintenance The main outcome of this research shows that key data related to the built environment can be semantically enriched and combined to enable digital representations of indoor environments, based on the concept of a DT.įurthermore, the outcomes of this research show that digital data, related to FMĪnd Architecture, Construction, Engineering, Owner and Occupant (AECOO) activity,Ĭan be combined, analyzed and visualized in real-time using a service-oriented approach. #ENTROPY CHAIR SOFTWARE#Software services are implemented within a service-oriented paradigm, and their feasibility is presented through functioning and tested key software components within prototypical Service-Oriented System (SOS) implementations. The design, implementation and initial testing of prototypicalĭT software services for indoor environments is presented and described. Pertaining to the current and predicted states of an indoor environment or a completeīuilding (e.g., sensor data). In the form of floorplans, point clouds and BIMs, with additional information layers A DT fuses as-designed and as-built digital representations of built environment with as-is data, typically Is a digital duplicate of the physical environment, states, and processes. Integration, processing and representation is with the use of a Digital Twin (DT). The key to solving such a complex issue of digital data Research presents an approach for digital representation of indoor environments in theirĬurrent state within the life cycle of a given building. Practices from Industry 4.0 are currently being evaluated and adopted for FM use. The need for an integrated solution for all dataĪssociated with the operational life cycle of a building is becoming more pronounced as Another key challenge isīeing able to monitor the current state of the built environment, which is used to provide #ENTROPY CHAIR MANUAL#Issue of digital representation, the generation and maintenance of BIM data requires aĬonsiderable amount of manual work and domain expertise. While the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) can address the Evers acknowledges support by the German Science Foundation.One of the key challenges in modern Facility Management (FM) is to digitally reflect theĬurrent state of the built environment, referred to as-is or as-built versus as-designed Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science under Award No. *This work was supported in part by the U.S. Possible implications for the exchange of quantum information are discussed. #ENTROPY CHAIR HOW TO#Although entropy is a nonlocal property in quantum mechanics, we show how to construct explicit expressions for the entropy density and entropy current density for systems of independent identical quantum particles, and apply these results to compute the flow of entropy in various model noninteracting systems, illustrating the importance of the new solenoidal contribution. This new term is shown to occur generically in such systems and to be large in magnitude in comparison to the conventional formulas. A new solenoidal (divergence-free) contribution to the flow of entropy and heat is uncovered, which is missing from standard formulas for the heat current. We consider the flow of entropy and heat in quantum systems induced by topological fields and/or nonequilibrium bias conditions. ![]()
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